Research Team | Refugees & Humiliation


Terrorism & Humiliation:
Why People Choose Terrorism

This is a large research project with 18 research teams of young scholars and their academic advisors, that was planed to be conducted in cooperation with the United Nations University. However, due to lack of funding, much of this research could not yet be realized. So far, Vegar Jordanger and Corinna Carmen Gayer are working on their research, albeit in revised ways.

For all the other projects that you see listed further down, we are currently looking for funding, and an umbrella organization for cooperation! We are grateful for your support and advice! We kindly encourage foundations and donors to consider funding this research, either as a whole, or in parts.

Why do people choose terrorism? This question merits deeper probing. This research project aims at shedding more light on the choices made by people who choose or support terrorism. The aim of this research is to help prevent terrorism more efficiently.

The original plan for the end product was to produce an edited book, Terrorism and Humiliation, which was envisaged to be finished within a biannual time frame, with the following contents:
a) conceptual chapters
b) cases provided by our research teams (already with relevance to policy)
c) a policy brief that summarises the insights.

•  Introduction
•  Research Host & Management
• 
Research Team
• 
Projects
• 
Material & Links


 

Introduction

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 states that 'all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.'
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides a historically unprecedented new frame to society, both locally and globally. Equal dignity and equal rights for all is a historically relatively new concept. Consequently, we need novel analysis.
Humiliation is contrary to the very foundation of human rights. Humiliation has the potential to contribute to terrorism - which in turn leads to further denial of human rights - not only for 'terrorists' but also for innocent people. This increases feelings of humiliation even more and a vicious cycle may be set in motion.
Previously, prior to globalisation and prior to the emergence of human rights, poverty, exclusion, suffering, discrimination, exploitation and abuse were usually accepted when they occurred in the lower echelons of societies, the world around. The downtrodden were expected to 'know their place,' and either nature of divine ordination were invoked to justify their plight as legitimate. (Still today, we observe relicts of this conceptualisation, for example in the cloak of 'just world thinking.')
This situation, however, becomes untenable and changes profoundly as soon as people perceive that they are part of the same family and that equal dignity for all is the reigning ideal. Refugees, displaced people, poor people, excluded people, altogether people who feel that they are not being treated in ways that extend to them equal rights and equal dignity, might no longer accept their plight. They might invoke feelings of humiliation, which they then, in turn, may interpret as justification for violence. The genocide in Rwanda was carried out by recently risen underlings (Hutu) on their former masters (Tutsis). Likewise, the downtrodden of the world, if lead by determined 'Hitlers,' could unleash unprecedented mayhem. People, who formerly could 'safely' be left in squalor, may now turn into terrorists, supported by those who identify with their plight. What is needed is a Mandela-like mindset, where newly emerging feelings of humiliation are translated not into mayhem, terrorism and genocide, but into constructive social change.
The notion of humiliation has so far not been researched much. Trauma, stress, or the notion of shame, all these notions have received more attention. In this study we attempt to highlight the phenomenon of humiliation in a transdisciplinary, transcontinental and gender-balanced way.
Thomas Friedman, New York Times columnist, states, "If I've learned one thing covering world affairs, it's this: The single most underappreciated force in international relations is humiliation" (Friedman, 2003).
Aaron Lazare (2004) writes: 'I believe that humiliation is one of the most important emotions we must understand and manage, both in ourselves and in others, and on an individual and national level. This belief, particularly as it relates to international affairs, is supported by the writings of Robert Jay Lifton, Jessica Stern, Thomas Friedman, and even the 5th-century B.C. historian Thucydides (Kagan, 1995)' (Lazare, 2004, page 262-263).
Vamik Volkan's theory of collective violence, which he puts forth in his recent book Blind Trust: Large groups and their leaders in times of crisis and terror ( Volkan, 2004, see also Volkan, 1997, Volkan, 1988) explains that a chosen trauma that is experienced as humiliation is not mourned , leading to the feeling of entitlement to revenge and, under the pressure of fear/anxiety, to collective regression.
The research project presented here asks question such as: Why do people choose terrorism? What motivates them? What moves them? Why do people support others who perpetrate terrorist acts? What do they seek? These questions merit deeper probing. This research project aims at shedding more light on to the choices made by people who choose or support terrorism. The aim of this research is to help prevent terrorism more efficiently.

References for this Introduction:
Friedman, Thomas L. (2003). The humiliation factor. In New York Times, November 9, 2003
Kagan, Donald (1995). On the origins of war and the preservation of peace. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Lazare, Aaron (2004). On apology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Volkan, Vamik D. (1988). The need to have enemies and allies: From clinical practice to international relations. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Volkan, Vamik D. (1997). Bloodlines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Volkan, Vamik D. (2004). Blind trust: Large groups and their leaders in times of crisis and terror. Charlottesville, VA: Pitchstone Publishing.


 

Research Host & Management

Evelin Gerda Lindner, M.D., Ph.D. (Dr. med.), Ph.D. (Dr. psychol.)
Founding Manager of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS)

Paul A. Stokes, Ph.D., College Lecturer
Department of Sociology at the National University of Ireland, Dublin

Linda Hartling, Ph.D., Associate Director
Jean Baker Miller Training Institute, Wellesley College, Boston, USA

Moira R. Rogers, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Department of Language and Literature, EMU, Virginia, USA

Maggie O'Neill, Lecturer
Criminology and Social Policy at Loughborough University, UK

Alicia Cabezudo, Professor and Peace / Human Rights Educator
Educating Cities Latin America

Barbara Harrell-Bond, Professor
Forced Migration and Refugee Studies at the American University in Cairo, Egypt

Trevor L. Ballance, Lecturer and Researcher
Josai International University, Japan

Jack A. Goldstone, Professor
George Mason University School of Public Policy, kindly offers to help us present our research, when it is finished, in the Washington area

See pictures of meetings


 

Research Team

•  General HumanDHS
•  Academic Advisors
•  Refugees and Humiliation Project (alphabetical)
•  Terrorism and Humiliation Project (alphabetical)


 

Projects

 

Humiliation, Violence, and Terror in War-Torn Chechnya and North Caucasus

 

Researchers:

•  Finn Tschudi (Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway)
•  David Brubaker (Professor at the Conflict Transformation Program, Eastern Mennonite University Harrisonburg Virginia, USA)
•  Richard Alapack (Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, NTNU, Norway)
•  Islam Elsanov (Writer, Filmmaker, Chechen/Russian-speaking North-Caucasus Specialist based in Stavanger, Norway)
•  Bjørn Aksel Flatås (the Director of Research of the Falstad Center, Norway)
and
•  Vegar Jordanger

Summary
When the word terrorism is used in connection with Chechnya, the associations that first come to mind are often images of so-called Chechen ‘freedom fighters’ or terrorists. The word humiliation on the other hand, is likely to trigger memories of Stalin's collective deportation of the Chechen and Ingush peoples to Kazakhstan in 1944. In this study exploring issues related to humiliation and terrorism in the North Caucasus, we will look critically at these concepts. That will be necessary in order to go beyond the restricted kind of commonsense and media-constructed stereotypical narratives on Chechnya that are obstacles on the way towards conflict transformation. As a starting point our basic unit of analyses will be violence. Terror / state-terrorism / armed conflict will be seen as a few of multiple forms of violence.
During the liberalization period of Gorbachev's perestroika, unfortunately, there were not launched any significant reconciliatory, restorative or healing processes on a broad scale in the former Soviet Union republics, like for instance in the case of post-apartheid South-Africa. Feelings of lost dignity and humiliation neither among various groups of Chechens or other former Soviet peoples were therefore adequately addressed. In this study it is assumed that this has relevance for both the degree and nature of violence in the Russian-Chechen conflict and the civilian population's current attitudes towards such violence - including terror. The main research question in this study will be to what degree people from the civilian population, being part of the Russian-Chechen conflict and related North Caucasus conflicts express support or are opposed to / condemn violence (various forms of violence including terror and state terrorism). More specifically, different forms of humiliation and how they are related to some main types of responding or relating to violence will be identified employing questionnaires and conducting interviews with people from the civilian population from different parts of the North Caucasus. To identify different forms of humiliation and probe corresponding attitudes towards violence will hopefully be a contribution in preparing the ground for deeply needed broad reconciliatory, restorative and healing processes in the North Caucasus.

 

 

A Case Study of How the Feelings of Humiliation and Hopelessness are Turning the Students in the Religious Madrasas (Seminaries) of Pakistan into Potential Terrorists

 

Researchers:

•  David Brubaker (Professor at the Conflict Transformation Program, Eastern Mennonite University Harrisonburg Virginia, USA)
and
•  Syed Abrar Hussain

Summary
Summary
This project is aimed at undertaking a qualitative research approach to study and analyze the connection between feelings of humiliation and hopelessness among the students of religious seminaries (madrasas) in Pakistan and their inculcation towards violence and extremism.
Madrasas in Pakistan are traditional Islamic religious schools, which impart religious education with an emphasis on the learning of Arabic language. ‘Madrasa’ is an Arabic word which literally translated means a ‘school’ or ‘centre of learning’. Most of the madrasa students in Pakistan come from poor and the lower strata of the society as these madrasas provide free food and lodging. More recently the madrasas have come to the limelight in the wake of terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the USA. Questions are being raised whether these madrasas are only centers of religious scholarship or serving as training camps and mouthpieces for jihad, violence and terrorism. The Taliban originated from these madrasas. The very word Taliban means ‘the seeker of knowledge’ in Arabic, a phrase commonly used for the students of religious.
There have been various theories put forward by the scholars in the field of the study of terrorism and psychology, which tend to relate feelings of shame and humiliation, whether perceived or real, with the acts of violence being perpetrated by individuals and organizations.
The focus of my study will be to identify the sources of the feelings of humiliation among madrasa students and to explore whether such feelings of shame, humiliation and helplessness make them vulnerable to resort to violence and terrorism.

 

 

Damaged Bonds: A Study in the Social Psychodynamics of Conflicted Group Identities

 

Researchers:

•  Paul A. Stokes (College Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the National University of Ireland, Dublin)
•  Mitch Elliott (Ph.D., is a Psychoanalyst working in Dublin and Belfast and the Director of the Irish Institute for Psycho-Social Studies)

Summary
There is good reason to believe that a shame-rage dynamic is active between the two communities in Northern Ireland or at least between their significant representatives. The British state and its agents play a key role in this as the principal triggering agency many of whose actions are perceived by one community or the other to be taken on behalf of the other community and against the 'interests' of their own. Opportunities for accelerating this dynamic are legion.
Because of the zero-sum nature of this vicious circles, a gain for one community is seen as being at the expense of the other and hence felt as a loss. In addition, there is a potent admixture of deep emotions linked to feelings of insecurity regarding the strength of valued social bonds which serves to fuel the dynamic.
There is reason to believe that these dynamics are inhibiting the progress of the peace process in particular and communal reconciliation in general. In circumstances where a beleaguered community may feel that they have suffered enough humiliation already and where all gains by the other side are experienced as occurring at the expense of their stock in the society it may be difficult if not impossible to make further progress until this dynamic can be interrupted initially and halted eventually.
The research is proposed as a contribution to a guidance process: as a contribution to the scientific understanding of the dynamics of conflicted communities and as a methodology for interrupting the dynamic of conflict between Catholic and Protestant communities in Northern Ireland.

 

 

Humiliation – One of the Root Causes of Terrorism

 

Researchers:

•  Altaf Ullah Khan (Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism & Mass Communication University of Peshawar, Pakistan)
and
•  Noor Akbar

Summary
The September 11 incidents introduced the world community to terrorism of another kind. Political leadership in the US responded to the situation in three ways. Firstly, the leadership felt the need for bringing some calm to the morale of the people and take immediate precautionary measures. Secondly, they devised some short-term initiatives to bring the confidence of the people back as a nation; and thirdly they took medium term initiatives to prevent the world from experiencing such traumas in future and subsequently the world community resorted to the use of force and Afghanistan, which according to them hosting Osama Bin laden- the so called Master mind behind the 9/11 attacks, become the first battle ground for war against terrorism.
Ironically enough, the world community is only relying on the use of force to curb terrorism but no one even think of the root causes, which coerce people to resort to weapons for getting their interest either fair or unfair.
This study is an attempt to show empirically that humiliation is one of the root causes of terrorism. "Death is better than life in humiliation! Bin Laden said." (The New Yorker, January 5, 2004, p. 63)
Humiliation is" Enforced lowering of a person or group, a process of subjugation that damages or strips away their pride, honour or dignity…To be humiliated is to be placed, against your will and often in a deeply hurtful way, in a situation that is greatly inferior to what you feel you should expect. Humiliation entails demeaning treatment that transgresses established expectations…The victim is forced into passivity, acted upon, made helpless" (Lindner, 2004, p. 126)
In this study terrorist mean a person who committed three or more murders. Four case studies would be included and the data would be collected both quantitative and qualitative for analysis and a report would be prepared to show that humiliation is one of the root causes of terrorism.

The Humiliation and Terrorism Connection

 

Researchers:

•  Paul A. Stokes (College Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the National University of Ireland, Dublin)
and
•  Susmita Thukral

Summary
Both psychology in general and psychoanalysis in particular, have taken a lot of flak from the other social sciences for looking at terrorism through their very limited prisms and typical paradigms. It seems that the question of why people join terrorist organizations is useful since it throws light on the social and environmental factors that govern an individual's decision to join a terrorist organization. Terrorism is by no means just an Islamist or Muslim phenomenon even though in the last decade or so, we have been witnessing and will continue to witness a deluge of large scale violence perpetrated by Islamic fundamentalist groups that have networked all over the world. Intensive psychological and sociological work needs to be been done on these groups in order to identify the psycho-social and environmental conditions and processes that give rise to terrorism.

 

 

Africa, a Trigger in the Explosion of International Terrorism

 

Researchers:

•  Joseph Agholor (Ph.D., London School of Management and Technology, London, UK)

Summary
Africa is the second largest continent in the world both in terms of area and population. The continent is potentially endowed with both human and natural resources. Nevertheless, these potentials have remained either unutilised, under-utilised or mis-used.
Africa is a continent caught in the web of continuous transition. This constant trend of transition has made this once serene continent vulnerable to the new form of international warfare, international terrorism. From Angola to Zimbabwe , the story is that of war, hunger, famine, ecological disaster, poverty, and diseases. Africa has more failing countries in the world than any other continent in the world. Pathetically, African countries are being reduced to 'beggar nations continually'. Consequently, Africa 's potentialities to become a trigger in the explosion of international terrorism is alarmingly on the rise. This must not be allowed to happen. Thus, this research work is aimed at identifying those factors that tend to create a favourable atmosphere for the growth of international terrorism, to look at the impacts it will have not only on the African continent but also on international socio, economic and political systems, and to provide probable solutions.

 

 

The Dialectics of Humiliation in Intractable Conflicts: How Language and Emotions Fuel the Cycle of Violence Between Israelis and Palestinians

 

Researcher:

•  Corinna Carmen Gayer

Corinna is now working on another research project about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We leave the summary of her original research design on this website, because it may inspire others.

Summary
History, perceptions and identity are an inherently present in the escalation of conflict and their understanding is essential to manage conflict and assure a sustainable peace. Any conflict analysis needs to regard the progression of events which led to the eruption of violence - the conflict history. In intractable conflicts, groups or nations develop certain patterns of interaction over time. The repeated experience of violence and threat leads to a formation and solidification of perceptions of self and others. A collective history emerges over time and contributes to the creation of a collective memory (Seymour 2003). As conflict continues, individuals and societies mobilize against the negative other and start defining their respective identity in contrast to that other.
The aim of this research is to investigate how humiliation fuels the circle of violence in intractable conflicts. The case study to verify of falsify my hypotheses is the Middle East conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. The duration of intractable conflicts does not solely depend on macro political issues, but rather on psychological factors. Thus the objective of this research is to filter the identities and conceptions that Israelis and Palestinians built of themselves and of the others. The process of collective memory building through a common but often completely different memorized history plays a key role also on the self-victimization of both nations. Other variables to test are the grievance that the parties hold against each other, very probably caused through oppression and terror. The survey will ask members of both nations which goals they pursue to reduce their grievance (peace, establishing of borders, recognition or not of the state of Israel , continued or abolished occupation of the Westbank). Most importantly the survey will address the means the parties wish to employ in order to achieve these goals (terror, violence, dialogue).
My research project is divided into one main hypothesis and four secondary hypotheses: Main hypothesis:
•  Humiliation is socially constructed and the way it is acted upon, and recalled, directly influences the degree to which conflicts escalate and become stuck in the cycles of violence of intractable conflicts.
Secondary hypotheses:
•  In contrast to ashamed people, people who feel humiliated perceive this humiliation as an unjustified attack on their self-esteem.
•  The unjustified attack on their self-esteem leads people to the wish to support or engage in retaliation acts against the perceived perpetrator.
•  The constant self-victimization of their respective group leads Israelis and Palestinians to justify the violent acts against each other. Victimhood thus becomes essential in intractable conflicts and constitutes a humiliation entrepreneurship.
•  People, who feel disadvantaged in their own society, tend to have a higher willingness to use violence against the presumed hostile Other than people who do not feel disadvantaged.
The empirical testing of these hypotheses will be carried out through Q-methodology, a quantitative approach focussing on subjectivity. 200 Palestinians and Israelis in the age between 15 and 30 will be asked to participate in the research in Israel and the Westbank. The research is gender-sensitive in order to detect possible dissensions between the sexes.

 

 

Terrorism and Humiliation of Muslim Women

 

Researchers:

•  Nora Angeles (Ph.D., University of British Columbia in Canada)
•  Imelda Deinla
•  Jessica Los Baños
•  Jelen Paclarin

Summary
Muslim women are doubly marginalized in the Philippine society not only because of their religion and ethnicity but more because of the current internal conflict brought about by secessionist movement and neglect and exclusion of the entire Muslim region from mainstream society. The effects of the Mindanao conflict on women and children are disturbing. These effects are a combination of economic, psychological, socio-cultural and political. With the advent of terrorism, burden has been added to Muslim women and is contributing to their further marginalization, especially in terms of access to socio-economic opportunities. Humiliation brought about by terrorism has also consequential grave impact on how they seek redress for these humiliating acts as a form of discrimination or other forms of human rights violation. Many Muslim Women have been indiscriminately arrested or detained without warrants and on false charges in the guise of terrorism. The humiliating conditions experienced by Muslim women hinder their full development as persons and as active and equal partners in seeking a lasting solution to the Mindanao conflict.
This project aims to study, evaluate, and analyze the effects of humiliation brought about by terrorism on the economic, socio-cultural rights and access to justice of Muslim Women in the Philippines. The proponents believe that humiliation is multi-determined – not only by terrorism but by other factors or conditions such as existing socio-cultural, legal and economic systems. One particular factor that is presently affecting Muslim women is the "othering process" (a process of subordination of rights and status of women) which in itself could be a source of humiliation.
The results of the study would be crucial inputs for affirmative policies and interventions on how to provide greater economic opportunities for Muslim women as well as provide them wider access to justice.
This research will use a combination of qualitative and quantitative tools of analysis. Focus group discussions, interviews, surveys and fora will be employed in the course of the research.

 

 

Terrorism and Humiliation in Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay

 

Researchers:

•  Alicia Cabezudo (Argentina, Professor and Director of Educating Cities Latin America (International Relations Bureau, Municipality of Rosario, Argentina)
and
•  Hans Ola Haavelsrud

Summary
The aim of the research project will be to assess how terrorism in the context of the military dictatorships in Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay have been, and continues to be, an important source of humiliation both for the survivors and victims of these crimes and for their descendants. The research will be focused on the question concerning the nature of these humiliation processes (Question 1) and on how these processes seem to be sustained (Question 2) more than two decades after the collapse of the Argentinean (1983), Uruguayan (1984) and Brazilian (1985) military dictatorships (the Chilean ending in 1990). In order to understand how terrorism and humiliation are connected in the cases of Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay, a structural understanding of the processes involved will be endeavoured.
For the purpose of research it will similarly be interesting to understand how humiliation as produced by individual or structural immoral actions (arrow A in Figure 1) on the one hand, and structural, morally indifferent actions (arrow C in Figure 1) on the other hand come to have qualitatively different manifestations on the individuals situated on the receiving end of humiliation processes. Specifically, an understanding of the relationship between the events (or processes) causing humiliation, and the nature of the ensuing humiliation will be endeavoured. Through an empirical investigation based in large parts on interviews I will attempt to develop a theoretical understanding of the nature and consequences of the two different kinds of humiliation (A and C). Again, the focus will be explicitly on the cases of Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay, and on the humiliation resulting from the military dictatorships in these countries. A proposal is included for a second, related section that would involve a critical discussion of how a concrete theory of morality – namely Kantian deontological ethics – would correlate with the ideal of a society with minimal commitment to humiliation strategies.
Research Priorities and Research Questions:
1. What is the nature and outcome of the humiliation processes caused by the Latin American military dictatorships?
2. How are these processes sustained more than two decades after the collapse of the military regimes (in the cases of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay)?
3. Do the relevant humiliation processes exhibit reproductivity or are they, to the contrary, purely the results of past events?
4. If humiliation is reproducing itself, what can be done to break this vicious cycle?




Material & Links

Terrorism and Migration
A Two-Day Interdisciplinary Conference at the School of Humanities, University of Southampton, UK.
Saturday November 17th-Sunday November 18th, 2007.
Contemporary anxieties about terrorism in the mainstream media and politics have clearly articulated the war against terrorism and the struggle for global security to the control of immigration, as well as the criminalisation of Islam. As A. Sivanandan has argued in a recent article, ‘the war on asylum and the war on terror […] have converged to produce a racism which cannot tell a settler from an immigrant, an immigrant from an asylum speaker, an asylum speaker from a Muslim, a Muslim from a terrorist’. In response to the conflation of discourses of counter-terrorism, global security and the control of migration, this conference invites papers from any area of the humanities and the social sciences that are related to the following topics:

Human Security Report 2005
Comprehensive Three-Year Study Shows Surprising Evidence of Major Declines in Armed Conflicts, Genocides, Human Rights Abuse, Military Coups and International Crises, Worldwide

The Number of Armed Conflicts Has Dropped 40% since 1992. This Unheralded Decline Is Linked to a Dramatic Increase in UN Conflict Prevention and Peace Building Efforts.
New York, October 17, 2005
Andrew Mack

"UN Study Introduces New Kind of Refugees"
By Saifuddin Ismailji
In http://travelwirenews.com/
and posted at http://www.humiliationstudies.org/news/archives/000780.html

Lindner, Evelin Gerda (2005)
Mature Differentiation As Response to Terrorism and Humiliation: Refrain From the Language of 'War' and 'Evil'
In Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, 2005 http://www.transnational.org/forum/meet/2005/Lindner_Humiliation.html.

No international definition of terrorism:
UN summit agrees reform document
World leaders have signed a deal on reforming the UN, though critics say it is much weaker than first envisaged.

The 35-page final document establishes a new Peacebuilding Commission to help countries make the transition from war to peace, and agrees there is an international responsibility to protect people from genocide, war crimes and ethnic cleansing.
It sets up a new Human Rights Council, and condemns terrorism "in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes" - though the summit failed to settle on a definition of terrorism.
Correspondents say disagreements have meant some of the anticipated advances have been dropped or watered down. See entire article here.

Refugee sues Australia government
A 10-year-old Iranian boy has launched a landmark legal case against the Australian government. Read the entire article here.

Internet Resources Provided by the Project on Defense Alternatives
The Project on Defense Alternatives has just added one thousand full-text links to its public access Internet Library pages. These links lead to online documents, reports, and articles published in 2005 by more than 200 official and NGO sources. Our libraries include:
•  Terrorism, counter-terrorism, homeland security
•  Defense Strategy Review
•  Chinese Military Power
•  Revolution in Military Affairs
•  Occupation Distress
•  War Report (Iraq & Afghanistan)
The sites also contain more than 4,000 document links from pervious updates. I hope you find them useful for research, reference, and teaching. If so, please share the URLs with others. Also see:
•  PDA publications index
•  PDA Military, War, & Peace Bookmarks

World Bank loan to India to lift people out of poverty
The World Bank plans to lend India $9bn (£5bn) over the next three years to help fund development projects such as road building and water improvement.
World Bank president Paul Wolfowitz is visiting India and said that the money would help sustain the growth needed to lift 250 million people out of poverty.
Although India is one of the world's fastest growing economies, millions of people live on less than $1 a day. The World Bank money will be aimed at rural areas that are the hardest hit. Please read the full text here.

Fighting Terrorism

"A Global Strategy for Fighting Terrorism"
Secretary-General's keynote address to the Closing Plenary of the International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security - "A Global Strategy for Fighting Terrorism," Madrid, Spain, 10 March 2005.

Counter-Terrorism Committee
On 28 September 2001, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter (concerning threats to international peace and security), the Security Council adopted Resolution 1373 (2001), reaffirming its unequivocal condemnation of the terrorist attacks which took place in New York, Washington, D.C. and Pennsylvania on 11 September 2001, and expressing its determination to prevent all such acts. Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED). The CTED is headed by its Executive Director, Mr Javier Rupérez at the Assistant Secretary-General level. Mailing Address: Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED), 405 Lexington Ave., New York, NY 10174, United States, (212) 457-1853, E-mail: CTED@un.org.

From Reaction to Prevention: Civil Society Forging Partnerships to Prevent Violent Conflict and Build Peace (New York, UN Headquarters, 19-21 July 2005). Conference on UN reform that would require the organisation to act quickly to prevent genocide.

Horst Fischer & Noelle Quénivet (eds) (2005)
Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Nation- and/or State-Building
Bochumer Schriften zur Friedenssicherung und zum humanitären Völkerrecht, Band 52, Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag, Berlin, 2005, 194 pp., ISBN 3-8305-1003-9

The Psychology of Terrorism [Four Volumes, 2002]
Series: Psychological Dimensions to War and Peace
Chris Stout, Foreword by Klaus Schwab

What is Terror?
The University of Reading, UK
September 8th - 10th 2005
Society for European Philosophy and Forum For European Philosophy
Joint Conference

The Common Ground News Service, August 9, 2005
Articles in this edition:
1. "The Inequality of Empathy" by Samir Shehata
Samir Shehata, an Egyptian-American professor at Georgetown University, asks why Americans find it easier to identify with the suffering of Londoners than with the suffering of Egyptians, Saudis or Iraqis, in the hopes of improving collective security based on a common humanity.
(Source: Al Ahram, August 4-10, 2005)
2. "Beyond the condemnation of terrorism" by Louay M. Safi
Louay M. Safi, author of Peace And The Limits Of War: Transcending Classical Conception of Jihad, Tensions and Transitions in the Muslim World and the Challenge of Modernity, admires the "strong stand taken by American Muslim leaders against indiscriminate violence as a testimony of a remarkable maturity and the clarity of vision in dealing with a complex issue" and points out where both Muslim leaders and Western policies do not go far enough.
(Source: Middle East Times, August 2, 2005)
3. "Muslims in Europe: Cultural Integration Is a Two-Way Street" by Yasmin Alibhai-Brown
Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, Senior Researcher at the Foreign Policy Centre and writer of a weekly column in the Independent, talks about how fear and racism are preventing positive integration of minorities, particularly Muslims, in Europe. She warns readers that "[w]ithout socializing, real and virtual ghettoes soon form blotting out the common humanity we all share."
(Source: The Independent, August 2, 2005)
4. ~ Youth Views ~
"The U.S. Should Step up Cultural Exchange Programs" by Rebecca P. Tollefson
Rebecca P. Tollefson will be attending the American University's School of International Service this fall. She explains why exchange between the United States and the Arab world must increase, arguing that "[the West] must do far more than welcome immigrants and sponsor study programs for others to come to us. We must also push ourselves to try and understand cultures that are markedly different from our own." This is particularly important as our world becomes much smaller and its people much closer.
(Source: CGNews-PiH, August 9, 2005)

Noëlle N.R. Quénivet (2005)
Sexual Offenses in Armed Conflict and International Law

Zinthiya Ganeshpanchan (2005)
Domestic and Gender based Violence among Refugees and Internally Displaced Women

The Common Ground News Service, July 12, 2005
Articles in this edition:
1. "Why the bombings in London are not the work of 'Islamic' terrorists" - Daily Star Editorial
This editorial from the Daily Star, examines London's metropolitan police commissioner comment on the recent bombs: "the culprits certainly were not Islamic terrorists, because Islam and terrorism simply don't go together."
(Source: The Daily Star, July 8, 2005)
2. "Iraq, post-Nazi Germany, and preventative diplomacy" by Hady Amr
Hady Amr, former National Director for Ethnic Outreach for Al Gore's Presidential Campaign and author of "The Need to Communicate: How to Improve U.S. Public Diplomacy with the Islamic World", raises concrete suggestions that the United States can take to improve the situation in Iraq based on reflections of American involvement in Germany following WWII.
(Source: Search for Common Ground, July 3, 2005)
3. "Why the US and Iran love to hate each other" by Scott Peterson
Scott Peterson, staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor, considers whether the hatred between the United States and Iran actually stems from their similarities.
(Source: The Christian Science Monitor, June 29, 2005

Monty G. Marshall & Ted Robert Gurr (2005)
Peace and Conflict 2005: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy
College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.

Ali Dayan Hasan (2005)
Pakistan's Moderates are Beaten in Public
International Herald Tribune, Wednesday, June 15, 2005

Chrystelle Barbier, LIMA correspondance (2005)
Au Pérou, les victimes du Sentier lumineux attendent toujours l'aide de l'Etat
LE MONDE, 20.06.05
Démunis de tout, les Péruviens ayant fui le terrorisme attendent depuis longtemps des réparations. Dans les années 1980, au moins 600 000 Péruviens ont tout abandonné pour fuir la terreur que faisaient régner les guérilleros du Sentier lumineux dans leur campagne...
Mercedes St. Elin kindly wrote to Chrystelle Barbier and she kindly provides us with the following contact address:
ASFADEL , Jr. Gálvez Chipoco 340, Interior 9 – Lima Cercado - Peru
Oficina del Comité Andino de Servicios , Calle Enrique Meiggs 131, Of. 14 –
- ASFADEL: 00 51 1965-27952 personne à joindre Rufina Rivera 00 51 1 98857219

The TERRA project, at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, has done extensive work on Islamist terrorism, including motivations behind such terrorism, see for instance http://www.mil.no/multimedia/archive/00063/Lia-R-2004-04307_63169a.pdf and http://www.mil.no/multimedia/archive/00043/Jihad_in_Europe_43302a.pdf .

New Directions in Peace and Conflict Research: Non-violent Strategies for Confronting Global Terrorism and for Promoting Peaceful Social Change
A CPS research conference, University of Tromsø, Norway, 7th-9th September 2005

NATO Research Workshop on Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism, September 14-17, 2005 in Italy

UN Tightens al-Qaeda Sanctions
The UN Security Council has passed a resolution that expands the organisation's sanctions against al-Qaeda and Afghanistan's Taleban. Read the entire article here.

Madrassa Foreigners 'Must Leave'
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf says all foreign students at madrassas, or religious schools, some 1,400 pupils, must leave the country.
"Any (foreigners) in the madrassas - even dual nationality holders - will leave Pakistan," Gen Musharraf said. This is the latest in a series of measures the president has announced in a renewed clampdown on extremism. Madrassas have been in the spotlight after one of the London bombers was reported to have studied at one. Read the entire article here.

New Praeger Securities International Imprint

New UN High Commissioner for Refugees is António Guterres
Mr. António Guterres joined the UN High Commissioner for Refugees on June 15, 2005, succeeding Mr. Ruud Lubbers of the Netherlands. A former Portuguese prime minister, Mr. Guterres was elected by the UN General Assembly to a five-year term and is the UN refugee agency's 10th High Commissioner.... [read more]

Art for Refugees in Transition
There are 17 million refugees and displaced persons in the world today. Eight million are children. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2004.
A.R.T. provides curriculum and training programs to engage both children and adults in refugee camps in visual, performing and creative arts drawn from their own cultures. These activities provide international relief institutions with tools to help refugee communities recover from the trauma, terror and dislocation of war. Please see here the January 2005 report of ART, Art for Refugees in Transition.

Peace Brigades International - Colombia Project
web-english: http://www.peacebrigades.org/colombia.html
web-espaol: http://www.peacebrigades.org/colombia-e.html

Arts and Humanities Research Council, UK
Established in April 2005 the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) has an annual budget of more than £75 million. The Council evolved from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, which was founded in 1998. AHCR has a range of UK-wide programmes supporting the highest quality research and postgraduate training in the arts and humanities.
The AHRC has launched the following programme:
Diasporas, Migration and Identities (please see Diasporas, Migration and Identities Programme)
This £5.5 million trans-disciplinary programme will run for five years until the end of 2009. As the first autonomous research programme run by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the aim is to maximise the participation of scholars from a wide range of arts and humanities disciplines in researching, reflecting upon and discussing issues relating to diasporas, migration and identities. To this end several different schemes are being initiated to fund small and large research projects, workshops and networks, conferences and seminars. Interdisciplinary engagement and collaborations with partners in the public sector, the cultural sector and the wider community are encouraged, as is the imaginative dissemination of the research. Kim Knott, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Leeds, has been appointed as the Programme's Director. She took up this part-time (50%) post from January 2005. Professor Knott will provide intellectual leadership and academic coherence in the development and management of the programme. Support will be given to three schemes:
1. The Diasporas, Migration and Identities Small Grants Scheme is designed to provide support of between £1,000 and £10,000 to meet the costs directly related to small-scale research projects. The Scheme will fund experimental initiatives, temporary research assistance and support for individual scholars with travel costs, access to libraries, collections etc.
2. The Diasporas, Migration and Identities Networks and Workshops Scheme is designed to support either a series of workshops over one year (up to £10,000) or a network of researchers over two years (up to £20,000), to enable researchers to share ideas, to develop collaborative proposals or publications, and to support engagement between scholars in the UK and beyond, and between scholars and other other stakeholders. The closing date for applications for the Diasporas, Migration and Identities Small Grants Scheme and the Diasporas, Migration and Identities Networks and Workshops Scheme was 5pm on Friday 24th June 2005. There is no future deadline for either of these schemes.
3. The Diasporas, Migration and Identities large research grants scheme is designed to provide support for teams of researchers for a period of between one to three years. Applications will be encouraged from both less established as well as more established senior scholars, and from those wishing to undertake small-scale innovative shorter projects as well as larger scale and more costly ones. The call for the large research grant scheme will be made in October/November 2005, with a closing date of February 2006 and further details will be available on the website in the Autumn.
We strongly advise you to refer to the full Programme Specification before submitting your application.
You may also wish to consult the Frequently Asked Questions document for further details on the Programme.
For further information about the Diasporas, Migration and Identities Programme please contact Professor Kim Knott email k.knott@leeds.ac.uk telephone 0113 343 3646.
If you would like to be added to our mailing list for information about the programme, please email Jennifer Woodward, Research Awards Officer at j.woodward@ahrc.ac.uk .
For further information about the development of other AHRC strategic programmes, please contact: Faye Auty, Senior Programme Manager, f.auty@ahrc.ac.uk , telephone 0117 987 6664 or Carl Dolan, Programme Development Officer, c.dolan@ahrc.ac.uk , telephone 0117 987 6682.